Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia that is crossed by the equator, between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world consisting of 17,504 islands, an alternative name commonly used is Nusantara.With a population of over 263,846,946 million by 2016, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world and the most populous Muslim country in the world, with more than 220 million people. The form of Indonesian government is a republic, with the House of Representatives, the Regional House of Representatives and the President elected directly. Indonesia's capital city is Jakarta. Indonesia borders with Malaysia on the island of Borneo, with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua and with Timor Leste on Timor Island. Other neighboring countries are Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the union territories of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.
The history of Indonesia is much influenced by other nations. The archipelago has been an important trading area since at least the 7th century, when the Sriwijaya Kingdom in Palembang established religious and trade relations with China and India. After being under Dutch colonialism, Indonesia was then called the Dutch East Indies declared its independence at the end of World War II.
The national motto of Indonesia, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Different but still one"), means the diversity that shapes the country. In addition to having a large population and extensive population, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the second largest biodiversity level in the world. Indonesia was also a member of the United Nations and the only member ever to come out of the United Nations, on 7 January 1965, and rejoined on 28 September 1966 and Indonesia remained the 60th member of the same membership since joining Indonesia on 28 September 1950. In addition to the UN, Indonesia is also a member of ASEAN, KAA, APEC, OIC, G-20 and will be a member of the OECD.
Etimologi
The word "Indonesia" comes from the ancient Greek Indus which refers to the Indus river in India and nesos meaning "island". Thus, the word Indonesia means the territory of the "Indian archipelago", or archipelago located in the territory of the Indies, it refers to the similarities between the two nations (India and Indonesia). In 1850, George Windsor Earl, a British ethnologist, originally proposed the terms Indunesia and Malayunesia for the inhabitants of the "Indian or Malay Archipelago" Earl's disciple, James Richardson Logan, uses the Indonesian word as a synonym of the Indian Archipelago. Since 1900, Indonesia's name has become more common in academic environments outside the Netherlands, and the Indonesian nationalists use it for political expression.
Kolonialisme
Indonesia is also a country colonized by many European countries and also Asia, because since ancient times Indonesia is a country rich in abundant natural products, to make European countries tempted to colonize and intend to control natural resources for income to the country, the State - countries that once colonized Indonesia, among others:
When Europeans arrived at the beginning of the sixteenth century, they found several kingdoms that they could easily master to dominate the spice trade. The Portuguese first landed at the two ports of the Sunda Kingdom of Banten and Sunda Kelapa, but could be driven out and moved eastwards and seized control of Maluku. In the 17th century, the Netherlands emerged as the strongest among the other European countries, defeating Great Britain and Portugal (except for their colony, Portuguese Timor). It was during this time that Christianity entered Indonesia as one of the old imperialism missions known as 3G, namely Gold, Glory, and Gospel. The Dutch occupied Indonesia as a colony until World War II, originally through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the early 19th century. Under the 19th century Cultuurstelsel (Plantation System) system, large plantations and forced cultivation were implemented in Java, ultimately yielding benefits to the Dutch that the VOC could not produce. In the era of a freer colonial government after 1870, the system was abolished. After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy, which included limited political reform and greater investment in the Netherlands East Indies.
During World War II, when the Dutch were colonized by Germany, Japan controlled Indonesia. After obtaining Indonesia in 1942, Japan saw that Indonesian combatants were cooperative trading partners and willing to deploy soldiers when needed. Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara were awarded by the Emperor of Japan in 1943.
Indonesian independence
Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945, which at that time was the month of Ramadan. After independence, the three founders of the nation namely Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Sutan Sjahrir respectively served as president, vice president, and prime minister. In an attempt to retake Indonesia, the Dutch sent their troops.
General Soeharto became Acting President in 1967 on the grounds of securing the country from the threat of communism. Meanwhile, Soekarno's physical condition weakened further. After Soeharto came to power, hundreds of thousands of Indonesians suspected of involvement with the communists were killed, while many more Indonesians were abroad, daring not to return to their homeland, and eventually deprived of their citizenship. Thirty-two years of Soeharto's rule was called the New Order, while the Sukarno government was called the Old Order.
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Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each ethnic has a cultural heritage that flourished over the centuries, influenced by Indian, Arab, Chinese, European cultures, and includes its own Malay culture. For example traditional Javanese and Balinese dances have aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, such as Wayang Kulit featuring stories about the mythological events of Hinduism Ramayana and Baratayuda. There are also many dance arts that contain Islamic values. Some of them can be found in Sumatran areas such as Ratéb Meuseukat dance and Seudati dance from Aceh. Art pantun, gurindam, and so forth from various regions such as Malay pantun, and other pantun-pantun often used in certain events of the event, art performances, and others.
Fashion
In the field of fashion the world-famous cultural heritage is Batik craft. Some areas that are famous for Batik industry include Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Cirebon, Pandeglang, Garut, Tasikmalaya and also Pekalongan. Batik Craft is also claimed by other countries with Batik industry. Original Indonesian clothing from Sabang to Merauke can be identified from the characteristics worn in each area including Kurung shirts with Songket from West Sumatra (Minangkabau), Ulos cloth from North Sumatra (Batak), Kebaya fashion, typical Dayak fashion in Kalimantan, Bodo clothes from South Sulawesi, Koteka fashion from Papua and so on..
Architecture
The Indonesian architecture reflects the cultural, historical, and geographic diversity that makes up Indonesia entirely. The invaders, invaders, propagators, traders, and merchants bring about cultural change by impacting the style and techniques of the building. Traditionally, the most powerful foreign architectural influence is from India. However, China, Arabia, and since the nineteenth century the influence of Europe became quite dominant. The hallmark of ancient Indonesian architecture can still be seen through the traditional houses and / or royal palaces each province.
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, one of the attractions in Jakarta that became miniature Indonesia, displaying the diversity of Indonesian architecture. Some typical Indonesian buildings such as Rumah Gadang, National Monument, and Building Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning at Bandung Institute of Technology.
Kolonialisme
Indonesia is also a country colonized by many European countries and also Asia, because since ancient times Indonesia is a country rich in abundant natural products, to make European countries tempted to colonize and intend to control natural resources for income to the country, the State - countries that once colonized Indonesia, among others:
- Portuguese in 1509, only Maluku, then successfully expelled in the year 1595
- Spain in 1521, only North Sulawesi, but was driven out in 1692.
- Dutch in 1602, most of Indonesia.
- France (1795-1811). France conquered the Dutch Republic in 1795 in the French Revolutionary War, and France established the Batavian Republic (1795-1806) and the Hollandia Kingdom (1806-1810), which was a subordinate of France. Thus, indirectly France was the supreme ruler of the Dutch East Indies.
- United Kingdom in 1811, since the signing of the Capitulation of Tuntang, one of which contained the surrender of Java Island from the Netherlands to Britain. In 1814, the London Convention, which the Dutch government reigned over the British colony in Indonesia
- Japan in 1942 and ended in 1945, due to Japan's defeat to the Allied forces.
When Europeans arrived at the beginning of the sixteenth century, they found several kingdoms that they could easily master to dominate the spice trade. The Portuguese first landed at the two ports of the Sunda Kingdom of Banten and Sunda Kelapa, but could be driven out and moved eastwards and seized control of Maluku. In the 17th century, the Netherlands emerged as the strongest among the other European countries, defeating Great Britain and Portugal (except for their colony, Portuguese Timor). It was during this time that Christianity entered Indonesia as one of the old imperialism missions known as 3G, namely Gold, Glory, and Gospel. The Dutch occupied Indonesia as a colony until World War II, originally through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the early 19th century. Under the 19th century Cultuurstelsel (Plantation System) system, large plantations and forced cultivation were implemented in Java, ultimately yielding benefits to the Dutch that the VOC could not produce. In the era of a freer colonial government after 1870, the system was abolished. After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy, which included limited political reform and greater investment in the Netherlands East Indies.
During World War II, when the Dutch were colonized by Germany, Japan controlled Indonesia. After obtaining Indonesia in 1942, Japan saw that Indonesian combatants were cooperative trading partners and willing to deploy soldiers when needed. Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara were awarded by the Emperor of Japan in 1943.
Indonesian independence
Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945, which at that time was the month of Ramadan. After independence, the three founders of the nation namely Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Sutan Sjahrir respectively served as president, vice president, and prime minister. In an attempt to retake Indonesia, the Dutch sent their troops.
General Soeharto became Acting President in 1967 on the grounds of securing the country from the threat of communism. Meanwhile, Soekarno's physical condition weakened further. After Soeharto came to power, hundreds of thousands of Indonesians suspected of involvement with the communists were killed, while many more Indonesians were abroad, daring not to return to their homeland, and eventually deprived of their citizenship. Thirty-two years of Soeharto's rule was called the New Order, while the Sukarno government was called the Old Order.
Show
Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each ethnic has a cultural heritage that flourished over the centuries, influenced by Indian, Arab, Chinese, European cultures, and includes its own Malay culture. For example traditional Javanese and Balinese dances have aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, such as Wayang Kulit featuring stories about the mythological events of Hinduism Ramayana and Baratayuda. There are also many dance arts that contain Islamic values. Some of them can be found in Sumatran areas such as Ratéb Meuseukat dance and Seudati dance from Aceh. Art pantun, gurindam, and so forth from various regions such as Malay pantun, and other pantun-pantun often used in certain events of the event, art performances, and others.
Fashion
In the field of fashion the world-famous cultural heritage is Batik craft. Some areas that are famous for Batik industry include Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Cirebon, Pandeglang, Garut, Tasikmalaya and also Pekalongan. Batik Craft is also claimed by other countries with Batik industry. Original Indonesian clothing from Sabang to Merauke can be identified from the characteristics worn in each area including Kurung shirts with Songket from West Sumatra (Minangkabau), Ulos cloth from North Sumatra (Batak), Kebaya fashion, typical Dayak fashion in Kalimantan, Bodo clothes from South Sulawesi, Koteka fashion from Papua and so on..
Architecture
The Indonesian architecture reflects the cultural, historical, and geographic diversity that makes up Indonesia entirely. The invaders, invaders, propagators, traders, and merchants bring about cultural change by impacting the style and techniques of the building. Traditionally, the most powerful foreign architectural influence is from India. However, China, Arabia, and since the nineteenth century the influence of Europe became quite dominant. The hallmark of ancient Indonesian architecture can still be seen through the traditional houses and / or royal palaces each province.
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, one of the attractions in Jakarta that became miniature Indonesia, displaying the diversity of Indonesian architecture. Some typical Indonesian buildings such as Rumah Gadang, National Monument, and Building Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning at Bandung Institute of Technology.
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